Local livelihoods curb exploitative labor trafficking
To stop poor villagers from becoming bonded migrant labor, the Odisha government needs to strengthen latest steps to cut out middlemen and boost the rural jobs guarantee program with higher wages
Chamru Paharia (60) hails
from Tikarpada village under Komna administrative block in Nuapada, one of the
migration-prone districts of Odisha. Due to lack of availability of work in his
village, Paharia, along with a few workers of his village, went to Nagpur in
Maharashtra in July this year to work in a construction site.
After a few days of work,
when he asked for his wages, the two middlemen who had taken Paharia to Nagpur
with them, got him to take a spiked drink. When he became unconscious, the men
cut off three fingers of his right hand and five toes of his right leg.
The two men left Paharia at
Nagpur railway station where the railway police rescued him and admitted him in
a government hospital. The issue came to light when Paharia regained strength and
returned to his village.
According to Ashis Kumar
Jeet, a social worker working on migration and trafficking in Nuapada district,
Paharia was staying alone in his village and was going through a tough time as
there was no work opportunity in his village.
The Odisha government was
in denial so far that there were migrants like Paharia ending up as bonded
labor in destination states. After a few mishaps at destination sites, the
government has now initiated steps to arrest middlemen and provide work locally
under MGNREGA scheme. MGNREGA, or Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act of 2005, is a social welfare program that guarantees 100 days of
work every year to all poor rural households.
Maltreated
migrants
“Like others in his village,
he wanted to migrate to other states to earn his living. The middlemen took
advantage of his distress situation,” Jeet told VillageSquare.in.
“They promised him better wages for his labor work and cooking for them.”
In another incident,
Brundaban Bariha (35) and his wife Liabani (30) of Gidmal village in Pundarijar
panchayat of Belpada block in Balangir district migrated to Telangana with
their four children, to work in a brick kiln during the last work season.
But after a few months, due
to heavy dust and smoke in the kiln, their 7-month old son started suffering
from respiratory problems. Despite the couple’s pleas, the supervisor didn’t allow
them to take the child to the hospital. He forced them to continue their work in
the same environment.
“When the Barihas’ son
succumbed, they were forced to cremate the child there as the employer denied
them permission to go home,” Surendra Chhetria, a social worker handling
migration and trafficking in Balangir, told VillageSquare.in.
“Brundaban and Liabani were heartbroken as they could not save their only son.”
Bonded
labor certificates
“A majority of these
migrants are forced to work as bonded labor in these brick kilns. But the
government never accepted that these people worked in bondage condition. That
is why when they were rescued, they were not provided bonded labor certificates,”
said Dillip Das, an activist working for the rights of laborers from Kalahandi
district.
Including the recent one
for Paharia, Das has filed nearly 170 petitions since 2014 with the National
Human Rights Commission (NHRC) to ensure rehabilitation of rescued bonded
laborers as per Bonded Labor Rehabilitation Act. “Till date only a few have
received compensation since most of them were not issued the bonded labor
certificate,” he said.
Lack
of livelihood
“Without the certificate,
the laborers cannot get the compensation of Rs 20,000 to rebuild their lives,”
Das told VillageSquare.in.
“So the next year they accept to work in the same labor bondage condition.”
The administration announced
that Paharia would be provided Rs 20,000 for his treatment, from the Red Cross funds;
but he is yet to receive the money.
Though the Bariha couple
was rescued during an operation, they were not provided with a bonded labor
certificate. So, they are not eligible for any compensation. “Now Brundaban
works as a daily wage laborer and his wife Liabani does menial work in the
village to support their family,” said Chhetria. “They had migrated to clear
their previous loans. After losing their son, they do not want to migrate again.”
Poverty, impact of climate
change and lack of work opportunity force these poor and marginalized people
from Balangir, Kalahandi, Nuapada and Bargarh districts to migrate to other
states for work. An informal assessment by civil society organizations reveals
that every year nearly 300,000 people from the migration-prone western
districts migrate to neighboring states to work in brick kilns.
Due to lack of work
opportunity people from poor and marginalized communities in nearby districts,
namely, Boudh and Sonepur have also started migrating to work in brick kilns
and construction sites.
Proactive
police
For the first time, in
October this year, Odisha police arrested 41 middlemen and agents from Nuapada
and Balangir districts indulging in illegal human trafficking. In a press
statement, the police department stated that the arrests were part of a recent drive
by the government against illegal human trafficking.
The recent death of a bonded
laborer Kenalu Mallick of Balangir district in captivity at a destination site forced
the police to nab these middlemen and agents.
“This is a positive sign as
government had never accepted that human trafficking was prevalent in these
districts. It will create a fear among other middlemen and agents who lure
these needy people to other states and exploit them,” said Das. “Government should
extend this drive to other two districts also where human trafficking is
equally prevalent.”
Local
livelihood opportunities
Das said that the
government should create work opportunities for villagers in their own villages
to prevent them from being trapped in human trafficking. Non-availability of
work on a regular basis, irregular wage payment and corruption deter villagers
to work under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
scheme.
“Government needs to create
more work under MGNREGA in villages and the laborers should get payments right after
they finish their work. Or else, human trafficking and working in bondage
conditions will continue,” Das told VillageSquare.in.
Understanding the situation
of migrant workers, the state government has formed a scheme to check distress
migration in these four districts. The villagers of 477 gram panchayats in 20 administrative
blocks will get 200 days of work instead of 150 days and they will be paid as
per the wage fixed by the labor department.
Presently, under MGNREGA a laborer
receives Rs 188 for a day’s work but after implementation of this program, the laborer
will receive Rs 286.30. If this program gets implemented in migration-prone
districts, villagers like Paharia and the Barihas will not have to migrate and suffer
bondage.
Rakhi Ghosh is a Bhubaneswar-based
journalist. Views are personal.